An Evidence Based Perspective on Transitional Care
Hospital readmission within 30 days of discharge is widely recognised as an important indicator of healthcare quality and system performance (Jencks et al., 2009)
When patients return to hospital shortly after discharge, it often signals that something in the transition process did not work as intended. Readmissions place additional pressure on hospital resources, increase healthcare costs, and disrupt the recovery journey for patients and families.
Clinical complexity is one factor that can contribute to readmissions. However, research increasingly shows that many readmissions are linked to challenges that occur during the transition from hospital to community care.
The period immediately after discharge is one of the most vulnerable stages in the patient journey. If communication breaks down, support services are delayed, or the receiving environment is not ready, patients may struggle to manage their recovery outside the hospital setting (Coleman et al., 2004)
Understanding how discharge planning influences these outcomes is essential for improving healthcare systems.
The Role of Transitional Care
Transitional care refers to the coordinated actions taken to ensure continuity of care as patients move between healthcare settings.
This process often involves multiple stakeholders, including hospital clinicians, discharge planners, community providers, and support services. When these groups work together effectively, patients are more likely to experience stable recoveries after leaving hospital.
Research consistently shows that well-structured transitional care programs can significantly reduce hospital readmission rates (Naylor et al., 2011).
Studies examining discharge interventions have found that coordinated care transitions improve patient outcomes and reduce avoidable readmissions (Leppin et al., 2014).
Programs that combine several support elements such as multidisciplinary discharge planning, medication reconciliation, patient education, and follow up communication are particularly effective (Verhaegh et al., 2014).
These elements commonly include:
• Multidisciplinary discharge planning
• Medication reconciliation
• Education for patients and caregivers
• Follow up communication after discharge
• Coordination with community-based care providers
Evidence from systematic reviews suggests that interventions incorporating multiple components are more successful than single interventions in reducing the risk of readmission (Gonçalves-Bradley et al., 2016). In practice, this means discharge planning should begin early during hospitalisation rather than on the day of discharge.
Communication Failures During Discharge
Breakdowns in communication are one of the most frequently reported causes of hospital readmissions (Kripalani et al., 2007).
During discharge, important information must move quickly between hospital teams and community providers. If key details are missing or delayed, the receiving care team may not have the information required to support the patient effectively.
Discharge summaries sometimes lack sufficient clinical detail. Medication changes may not be clearly documented or follow up care instructions may not reach the appropriate providers (Kripalani et al., 2007).
These gaps can lead to medication errors, duplicated treatments, or delays in care.
Research shows that structured communication processes during discharge are associated with improved treatment adherence and lower readmission rates.
Effective discharge communication therefore requires coordination not only between clinicians, but also between patients, families, and community-based support services.
When everyone involved clearly understands the care plan, the transition into the community becomes safer and more stable.
Environmental Readiness After Discharge
The environment into which a patient is discharged plays a critical role in recovery outcomes.
Patients who return to environments without adequate support may struggle to manage medications, attend follow up appointments, or maintain daily routines required for recovery.
Studies have found that discharge settings and post hospital care environments are significant determinants of readmission risk (Calvillo-King et al., 2013).
For individuals with complex health conditions, psychosocial disabilities, or limited social support networks, these environmental factors become even more important.
A stable environment that provides supervision, support, and clear care pathways can significantly reduce the likelihood of hospital readmission.
In contrast, environments that are unprepared for the patient’s needs can quickly lead to deterioration and return to hospital care.

Clinical Example 1
Transitional Care Coordination
Evidence of the value of coordinated discharge planning can be seen in transitional care programs implemented in several healthcare systems.
One study in the United States introduced a transitional care coordination model involving specialised nurse transition care coordinators. These nurses supported patients during the transition from hospital to community care.
The program included discharge education, follow up telephone calls, and coordination with community providers after discharge.
Results showed significant reductions in both 30 day and 90-day hospital readmissions. The program also contributed to lower healthcare costs by preventing avoidable hospital returns (Kripalani et al., 2019).
This example illustrates how dedicated coordination roles can bridge the gap between hospital care and community support services.
Implications for Healthcare Systems
Reducing hospital readmissions requires a coordinated systems approach.
Hospitals cannot address this challenge alone. Effective discharge planning depends on strong collaboration between healthcare providers, community services, and accommodation or support providers.
Evidence suggests that discharge planning should begin early during hospitalisation. Multidisciplinary collaboration, clear communication, and preparation of the receiving environment are essential components of successful transitions.
Healthcare systems that invest in coordinated transitional care models often see improvements in patient outcomes, patient satisfaction, and overall system efficiency (Naylor et al., 2011)
Hospital readmissions are therefore not only a clinical issue. They are also a reflection of how well healthcare systems manage transitions between care settings.
As an organisation that focuses on providing care for those with complex needs, we at Supported Care believe that many hospital readmissions are preventable
Evidence consistently shows that early discharge planning, strong communication between providers, and stable post hospital environments significantly reduce the likelihood of patients returning to hospital.
Improving transitional care pathways is therefore a critical priority for healthcare systems seeking to deliver safer and more sustainable care.
By strengthening coordination between hospitals and community providers, healthcare systems can support safer recoveries while reducing avoidable pressure on hospital services.
References
Calvillo-King, L. et al. (2013)
Impact of social factors on risk of readmission or mortality in pneumonia and heart failure.
Journal of General Internal Medicine.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-013-2568-6
Coleman, E. A., et al. (2004)
The care transitions intervention.
Archives of Internal Medicine. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/217741
Gonçalves-Bradley, D. C., et al. (2016).
Discharge planning from hospital.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000313.pub5/full
Jencks, S. F., Williams, M. V., Coleman, E. A. (2009)
Rehospitalizations among patients in the Medicare fee for service program.
New England Journal of Medicine.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa0803563
Kripalani, S., LeFevre, F., Phillips, C. O., Williams, M. V., Basaviah, P., Baker, D. W. (2007).
Deficits in communication and information transfer between hospital-based and primary care physicians.
JAMA.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/208962
Kripalani, S. et al. (2019).
A transition care coordinator model reduces hospital readmissions and healthcare costs.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6559370/
Leppin, A. L. et al. (2014).
Preventing 30-day hospital readmissions: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.
JAMA Internal Medicine.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/1911502
Naylor, M. D., Aiken, L. H., Kurtzman, E. T., Olds, D. M., Hirschman, K. B. (2011).
The importance of transitional care in achieving health reform.
Health Affairs.
https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0041
Verhaegh, K. J., et al. (2014).
Transitional care interventions prevent hospital readmissions for adults with chronic illnesses.
Health Affairs.
https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0700
